What factor did Kelly's research highlight as contributing to science being seen as male?

What factor did Kelly's research highlight as contributing to science being seen as male?

• A. Male role models and textbook images.
• B. Female role models and textbooks.
• C. Teachers' expectations for girls.
• D. Parents' education levels.

Answer: (A)

Representations in science education send powerful signals about who belongs in the field. Kelly’s work highlighted that science has been framed as a male domain because textbooks and classroom imagery frequently depict scientists as men. When students see predominantly male scientists, it builds a sense that science is for boys and men, which can affect girls’ sense of belonging and their interest in pursuing science. This visual and role-model cue operates at a foundational level, shaping attitudes and identification with the field. Other factors like teachers’ expectations or parents’ education can influence outcomes, but Kelly’s focus was specifically on how male images and male role models in materials contribute to the perception that science is male.

Representations in science education send powerful signals about who belongs in the field. Kelly’s work highlighted that science has been framed as a male domain because textbooks and classroom imagery frequently depict scientists as men. When students see predominantly male scientists, it builds a sense that science is for boys and men, which can affect girls’ sense of belonging and their interest in pursuing science. This visual and role-model cue operates at a foundational level, shaping attitudes and identification with the field.

Other factors like teachers’ expectations or parents’ education can influence outcomes, but Kelly’s focus was specifically on how male images and male role models in materials contribute to the perception that science is male.